Lithium Battery Knowledge
Chemistries, cells, packs, management and safety for lithium-ion batteries.
At a glance: Lithium covers four chemistries in production
(LFP, NMC, LTO and NCA),
three cell formats (18650, 21700, 4680), one
mandatory safety layer (the BMS) and the emerging routes —
solid-state,
sodium-ion and
silicon anode. Every article names its chemistry,
its units and its standard.
Fundamentals
- Cell formats: 18650 vs 21700 vs 4680
- Energy density (Wh/kg vs Wh/L)
- Lifespan (cycle life vs calendar aging)
- How to store lithium batteries
- LiFePO4 voltage chart (the flat curve)
- How to charge a lithium battery
- What is C-rate (charge/discharge rate)?
Chemistries
- LFP vs NMC vs LTO
- NCA battery — the nickel-cobalt-aluminium chemistry
- LMFP battery — the manganese-upgraded LFP
- LCO battery — the consumer-electronics chemistry
- Graphite anode — the standard negative electrode
- Solid-state batteries — the 2026 status
- Sodium-ion batteries — the 2026 status
- Silicon anode batteries — the quiet breakthrough
- Sodium-ion battery
- Solid-state battery
Systems
- What is a BMS (Battery Management System)?
- SOC vs SOH
- How to charge a lithium battery (CC/CV)
- Why lithium batteries degrade (SEI, plating, calendar vs cycle aging)
Related sections
- Battery testing — capacity, cycle and safety verification
- Battery standards — UN 38.3, IEC 62133, UL 1973 and the rest
- Lithium manufacturing — the engineering sub-site